Investment Banking

Investment banking is a specialized domain within financial services that assists corporates, governments, and institutional clients in raising capital and executing complex transactions. Through advisory roles and structured execution, investment bankers connect projects with suitable funding sources or partners, without providing financial guarantees.

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Widely Used For

Capital Raising & Underwriting

Firms issue equity (e.g., IPOs) or debt securities (e.g., bonds), and investment banks help structure, price, and distribute these instruments. They may act as underwriters, assuming risk by buying the securities upfront (firm-commitment) or agreeing to make “best efforts” to sell (best-efforts)

Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A)

Banks advise on buying, selling, or merging businesses—running valuations, negotiating terms, and coordinating legal and regulatory steps

Debt Syndication & Bond Arrangements

Large debt issues (e.g., bonds, loans) are structured and syndicated among institutions. A lead arranger coordinates this process

Private Placements

Broader activities may include equity/debt research, sales & trading, and crafting financial models—though not always part of core advisory work

Ancillary & Support Services

Broader activities may include equity/debt research, sales & trading, and crafting financial models—though not always part of core advisory work

FAQs

Underwriting means assuming risk by buying and reselling securities.
An arranger structures and syndicates the debt but may share risk among multiple institutions.

The process of distributing a large security issuance across several banks to share risk and reach diverse investors.

A leveraged buyout involves acquiring a company using significant borrowed funds, often secured against the company itself.

Firm-commitment: the bank guarantees purchase of all securities at an agreed price.
Best-efforts: the bank sells as much as possible without guaranteeing full subscription.

The main bank coordinating issuance, managing allocations, and maintaining the order book in syndications

Bulge bracket: largest global banks serving major clients.
Middle-market: regional or mid-tier firms.
Boutique: specialized firms focusing on niche sectors.

Because banks may have advisory, research, and trading arms under one roof, information barriers (“ethical walls”) are vital to prevent misuse

Banks earn through underwriting spreads, advisory fees, and syndication.